Expression of White and Gray Matter Autism Functional Network Connectivity Signatures in Infancy

Functional connectivity studies have provided valuable insights into altered brain organization in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, most functional connectivity studies focus exclusively on either gray matter (GM) regions or white matter (WM) tracts and examine specific age groups, rather than investigating their functional interactions across brain development. This limits our understanding of how GM-WM functional interactions evolve developmentally and may obscure important aspects of brain network organization in ASD. We combined integrated WM+GM functional network connectivity (FNC) with brain-wide risk scores (BRSs) to quantify ASD-associated pattern expression in ABIDE I/II and an independent infant cohort. We employed a NeuroMark framework with predefined WM and GM intrinsic connectivity networks templates, to estimate subject-level FNC. First, we identified two distinct patterns of altered WM+GM FNC in ASD: GM-related hypoconnectivity centered on the paralimbic network and WM-GM hyperconnectivity centered on the frontal network. These findings highlight the involvement of higher-order cognitive networks and the importance of WM-GM functional interactions in characterizing ASD-related connectivity alterations. Second, infants with a higher familial likelihood of autism exhibited greater mean expression of ASD-associated FNC patterns than those with a lower familial likelihood, as quantified by BRS. These group-level findings do not establish developmental persistence or predict diagnostic outcomes at the individual level.

Source: arXiv:2610.40839v1 - http://arxiv.org/abs/2610.40839v1 PDF: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.40839v1 Original Link: http://arxiv.org/abs/2610.40839v1