Quantum-optimal coronagraphy with spatial mode sorting for direct exoplanet observations

Conventional coronagraphs struggle to reach the theoretical limit of exoplanet detection at close separations to the star, particularly when the telescope has a complex aperture or when the star is partially resolved. Coronagraphy or nulling using spatial mode-sorting can reach the theoretical limit, but the optimal solution has so far only been calculated for an idealized unresolved star, whose signal lies entirely in the piston mode of the telescope. This work aims to enable the calculation of optimal nulling modes for realistic observational scenarios as a function of the size of the star and planet parameters, with the goal of improving coronagraphic performance at ~lambda/D working angles given partially resolved stars and complex telescope apertures. We perform numerical calculations using tools from quantum information theory and explore the behavior of optimal mode-sorting measurements. The optimal measurement for measuring a planet parameter is calculable from the density matrix describing the state of the system. The spatial mode that maximizes the classical signal-to-noise ratio is approximately quantum optimal to leading order in the stellar leakage and the planet flux ratio. We present optimal modes for measuring planets with known signals, and we characterize the tradeoffs inherent to coronagraphs targeting more than one planet location. Example coronagraph designs are presented for three cases of scientific interest: 1) the optimal extension of the fiber nuller architecture for detecting and spectrally characterizing planets across an arbitrary field-of-view using high-resolution spectroscopy, 2) following up planets detected by the visible coronagraph of the Habitable Worlds Observatory at more challenging infrared wavelengths, and 3) detecting and localizing planets at close working angles with the Planetary Camera and Spectrograph on the Extremely Large Telescope.

Source: arXiv:2607.02065v1 - http://arxiv.org/abs/2607.02065v1 PDF: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2607.02065v1 Original Link: http://arxiv.org/abs/2607.02065v1