Reading Between the Reads: A Decade On, Revisiting Sequencing Protocol Annotation in the Sequence Read Archive

Background: Experimental metadata are essential for interpreting archived sequencing data. In 2015, Alnasir and Shanahan examined the annotation of fragmentation, adapter ligation and enrichment in the Sequence Read Archive (SRA). This study revisits those measurements using the original SQL keyword definitions on a September 2026 NCBI metadata snapshot reconstructed in the historical SRAdb schema. Results: The contemporary database contained 41,593,302 experiments, compared with 419,620 in 2013. In library_construction_protocol, the proportion matching all three historical keyword groups declined from 4.06% to 1.42%. The protocol field was NULL in 67.65% of contemporary experiments. Searching design_description alongside the protocol field increased combined three-step keyword detection to 1,197,367 experiments (2.88%), with most additional matches occurring where the protocol field was NULL. Coverage varied across sequencing library strategies, ranging from 0.26% for AMPLICON to 7.69% for RNA-Seq. Independent comparison of 150 sampled experiment records against source XML confirmed agreement in all historical keyword classifications. Conclusions: The original criteria identify a smaller proportion of experiments in the designated protocol field than a decade earlier. Additional preparation-related terminology is detectable in general experiment descriptions, exposing the limitations of searches restricted to one metadata field. Differences among sequencing strategies complicate historical comparisons as preparation methods evolve. The findings support more consistent protocol annotation and the need to distinguish keyword occurrence from the adequacy of experimental documentation.

Source: arXiv:2610.27331v1 - http://arxiv.org/abs/2610.27331v1 PDF: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.27331v1 Original Link: http://arxiv.org/abs/2610.27331v1