Topological sum rule for geometric phases of quantum gates

We establish a topological sum rule, $ν_U = \frac{1}{2π}\sum_nγ_n = 2mν_H$, connecting the geometric phases accumulated by a two-qubit system over a complete basis of initial states to the winding number $ν_H$ classifying its Hamiltonian. Implementations of the same gate from different topological classes must distribute these phases differently, making their distinction measurable through the Wootters concurrence. As a corollary, nontrivial topology is a necessary condition for entanglement: only Hamiltonians with access to $ν_H \neq 0$ can generate it.

Source: arXiv:2603.29795v1 - http://arxiv.org/abs/2603.29795v1 PDF: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2603.29795v1 Original Link: http://arxiv.org/abs/2603.29795v1