Learning Regularization Structure for Biosignal Template Estimation

Estimating event-locked templates from bio-signal recordings via regularized least-squares requires choosing both the regularization structure and its magnitude, choices that are typically made heuristically. We develop a data-driven framework based on Stein's Unbiased Risk Estimate (SURE) that jointly optimizes both. By parameterizing the regularization operator as a convolution kernel, our method learns the penalty structure directly from the data, combining smoothness enforcement with ridge-like shrinkage in a way that cannot be achieved by scaling a fixed difference operator. While standard SURE assumes white noise, biosignal noise exhibits temporal autocorrelation. We therefore extend SURE to colored noise by replacing its scalar trace term with a structured correction based on the noise covariance matrix. For AR(1) noise, this correction requires only two parameters, the noise variance and the lag-1 autocorrelation, both estimable from pre-event baselines. Cross-modality validation on auditory event-related potentials, P300 brain--computer interface data, and ECG morphology demonstrates consistent gains compared to alternative methods, all at $K=5$ events per class - the regime most relevant for rapid calibration and personalization.

Source: arXiv:2607.23232v1 - http://arxiv.org/abs/2607.23232v1 PDF: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2607.23232v1 Original Link: http://arxiv.org/abs/2607.23232v1