Prompt Structure Redistributes, Not Reduces: An Empirical Analysis of Security-Weaknesses in LLM-Generated Python Code

Large Language Models (LLMs) increasingly generate code from natural-language prompts, making prompt engineering a key mechanism for shaping the security of generated software. Structured and security-oriented prompts are widely used to encourage safer code, yet their effects extend beyond whether detected weaknesses are simply present or absent. Using 424 security-sensitive Python tasks, we generate solutions with GPT-4o and LLaMA 3.1-8B under five prompt variants that progressively add structural and security guidance, and evaluate them with Bandit and CodeQL along two axes: generation compliance and security weakness prevalence, severity, and CWE distributions. Structured prompting substantially reduces refusals (e.g., GPT-4o invalid outputs drop from 338 of 424 to 37-52), enabling large-scale analysis, but security-oriented refinements do not consistently reduce overall weakness prevalence. For GPT-4o, stronger prompts primarily redistribute risk: high-severity findings fall (20.8% to 13.6%) while low-severity findings rise (32% to 43.5%); LLaMA shows weaker, less consistent shifts. We also observe security-driven semantic drift, where stricter prompts silently remove or rewrite explicitly requested unsafe constructs. Overall, prompt structure improves compliance but is an unreliable substitute for robust security controls in LLM-assisted development.

Source: arXiv:2608.24857v1 - http://arxiv.org/abs/2608.24857v1 PDF: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.24857v1 Original Link: http://arxiv.org/abs/2608.24857v1