Uhlmann Geometry of Fixed-Rank Density Matrices: A Fiber-Bundle Approach

For full-rank density matrices the state space is contractible, the Uhlmann bundle is topologically trivial, and the holonomy admits no quantized invariants; although the Uhlmann phase is genuinely geometric, this topological poverty has kept it from serving as a robust physical diagnostic of mixed-state matter. Mixed states of fixed rank below the Hilbert-space dimension, however, are ubiquitous: reduced states of subsystems, states in an invariant sector, and states in a decoherence-free subspace all have a support smaller than the Hilbert space that can vary with parameters. Their geometry is far richer: the support carries genuine curvature, non-Abelian holonomy, and Chern topology. We formulate Uhlmann's theory directly on the manifold of rank-$k$ density matrices: minimal purifications make the fixed-rank stratum the base of a principal $U(k)$-bundle whose Uhlmann connection is uniquely determined by a Sylvester equation, and in an eigenframe this connection takes a closed form reducing to the Berry, Wilczek--Zee, and faithful Uhlmann connections at $k=1$, at equal weights, and at $k=N$. The fixed-rank bundle inherits the topology of the Grassmannian, and non-factorizable higher Chern topology requires failure of the global eigenline splitting, which in the present spectral setting requires degeneracy, minimally realized by a rank-2 Yang monopole whose quantized second Chern number links the geometry to the four-dimensional quantum Hall response. Solvable models, from a genuinely non-Abelian holonomy to a decoherence-free Lindblad orbit, illustrate the content: the supporting subspace carries the topology, the spectral weights shape the transport, and the Uhlmann phase provides a direct geometric signature of these mixed-state phase transitions.

Source: arXiv:2609.21875v1 - http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.21875v1 PDF: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2609.21875v1 Original Link: http://arxiv.org/abs/2609.21875v1