Funnel-like protein energy landscapes emerge from functional evolution under thermal fluctuations

Proteins perform biological functions by folding into specific native structures that are stabilized by funnel-like energy landscapes shaped through evolution. We investigate whether such foldable proteins can emerge solely from selection for function, without any direct selection for foldability. Using a two-dimensional lattice protein model with four amino-acid types, we define protein function as the equilibrium probability that a prescribed local structure forming an active site is realized at environmental temperature $T$, and use this probability as the evolutionary fitness. Amino-acid sequences spanning the entire fitness range are sampled by multicanonical Monte Carlo method and their energy and free-energy landscapes are constructed from the equilibrium conformational ensemble. We find that only within an appropriate range of environmental temperatures do high-fitness sequences spontaneously acquire funnel-like energy landscapes, despite foldability never being included in the fitness definition. High-fitness sequences are furthermore supported by only a limited number of native conformations. At low temperatures, in contrast, high-fitness sequences exhibit rugged, glass-like energy landscapes and much greater structural diversity. These results suggest that foldable proteins need not be direct targets of evolution, but can emerge as a thermodynamic consequence of maintaining function under thermal fluctuations, whereby local functional constraints organize the global fold and give rise to funnel-like energy landscapes.

Source: arXiv:2608.01143v1 - http://arxiv.org/abs/2608.01143v1 PDF: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2608.01143v1 Original Link: http://arxiv.org/abs/2608.01143v1