Binary Optimization of Measurement Groupings for Quantum Energy Estimation

Repeated measurements can dominate the resources required for quantum energy estimation, making the choice of which Pauli observables to measure together a central optimization problem for variational quantum algorithms. We formulate fully commuting measurement grouping as a classical binary optimization problem based on clique selection and construct non-overlapping groups using mixed-integer linear programming (MILP). For a benchmark of molecular Hamiltonians, groupings optimized with approximate covariances reduce the non-overlapping measurement requirement $\varepsilon^2M$ by $51.8\%$ on average relative to sorted insertion (SI). Using the MILP groups to initialize iterative coefficient splitting (ICS), denoted MILP-ICS, yields an average $24.3\%$ reduction relative to ICS initialized from SI (SI-ICS). The optimized groups also transfer across nearby molecular geometries while preserving substantial measurement savings. We further introduce O-clique, which directly optimizes overlapping commuting supports through candidate-clique selection and coefficient profiles. Although O-clique provides only modest additional reductions beyond MILP-ICS, it reduces the measurement requirement by $27.3\%$ on average relative to SI-ICS with 100 iterations, despite using only five final coefficient refinement iterations, indicating improved support quality. Finally, we extend the comparison to Fermi--Hubbard, Kitaev--Heisenberg--$Γ$, and XYZ lattice Hamiltonians, where MILP-based groupings substantially outperform the corresponding SI-based strategies. Together, these results show that variance-informed optimization of measurement-group structure can substantially reduce sampling costs across molecular and lattice Hamiltonians, with optimized non-overlapping groups providing strong, transferable initializations and direct overlapping optimization offering further gains.

Source: arXiv:2610.10339v1 - http://arxiv.org/abs/2610.10339v1 PDF: https://arxiv.org/pdf/2610.10339v1 Original Link: http://arxiv.org/abs/2610.10339v1